Espionage In Wwii Essays - Military Intelligence, Intelligence

Espionage In Wwii Many of us can remember playing childhood games when we were younger. One of my personal favorites was hide and seek. My favorite part of the game was when I was hiding and tried to watch where the seeker looked while he or she searched. Of course I could have been caught, but it wasn't a big deal at the time. What would happen though if the seeker didn't know who he was looking for, but knew someone was hiding? How would he go about finding the person? Further more how much more could the person accomplish if they were hiding right in front of them, but the seeker did not know? Well it may sound a little off, but that was basically the game of espionage. Spies would try to conceal themselves by gathering information at the same time. During times of war it was critical to keep your movements, plans, and technology secret so that enemies could not be prepared or be one-step ahead. Therefore spies would be a very influential on outcomes of wars. One of the wars that the USA needed esp ionage help was in WWII. Not only did they need to get information but have counter intelligence to keep secrets away from Germany and their allies. Espionage helped the US during WWII in the defeat of Germany and their allies. Spies during WWII were intended to provide the basis for an accurate assessment of other nations' intentions and military capabilities. [Richelson, 103] In such a war a successful surprise attack could leave a victim staggered and ready for a knockout blow. [103] That meant it was critical for the USA to stop espionage from telling their moves and having their spies tell them about the planned attacks of the Axis Powers. This would help the USA to pull off critical assaults on Germany such as D-Day. But before the beginning of the end of the war came many other obstacles to be overcome by the US. At the beginning of the war all the major combatants had a place in code breaking establishments, all of which would experience explosive growth during the war. [173] These agencies would then go on to provide critical information during the war to provide information needed to combat the Axis. One of the most important needs for espionage was in the deciphering of the ENIGMA. [176] This was used to code and decode German messages sent and received between commanders and such. [176] It was very hard to decipher the ENIGMA because of the way it was set up. [176] What made it so difficult to decipher was the process by which a letter in an original message was transformed into a different one for the transmitted message. [176] The process involved, among other things, three motors in each machine that were chosen from a set of five. [176] Each of them had twenty-six settings, and a plugboard, which connected the keyboard letters to the lampboard letters. [176] For example the first time the L key was pressed a B might light up, but because the rotors turned further entries of L on the board would not produce another B but rather other letters. [176] US intelligence along with help from other countries was eventually able to make a duplicate machine that would help them in dec oding messages. [177] Without help from espionage in this instance the US and their allies would be susceptible to unknown attacks and movements of armies without having a chance to prepare for it. Here to the use of American Espionage was evident in the fight against its oppressors. Without proper deciphering of messages the battles could have been altered for the side of the Axis. One particular instance in which the US used intelligence to gain an advantage when going to be attacked was the battle of Midway. The US intercepted an encrypted message from a Japanese Admiral and revealed the date in which the attacks were scheduled. [OToole, 388] Therefore the US was able to have a task force waiting for the Japanese when they arrived. [389] It was said that Midway marked the turning point of the war for the pacific. [389] Again the

Of Mice And Men Theme Essays - English-language Films, Films

Of Mice And Men Theme Essays - English-language Films, Films Of Mice And Men Theme First published in 1937, Of Mice and Men is a classic American novel by John Steinbeck. George and Lennie are two ranch hands that travel together, with George watching over the mentally inferior Lennie. When they start work at a new ranch, several different characters are introduced. One affliction that seems to face several characters is loneliness, created by factors such as the characters lifestyles and by social standards of the time period. Steinbecks theme that loneliness is unhealthy and dangerous to a persons well being is emphasized throughout the novel. This underlying theme is first introduced in the novel when George talks to Lennie about the advantage they have over other itinerant workers of the time. George described how other ranch hands like themselves who traveled alone had nothing to look forward to, and no one to look after them. He told Lennie how other workers would just work up a stake and blow it at a bar because they had no where else to go, no one else to look after them. George explained how Lennie and himself were different from those lonely workers when he said, With us it aint like that, We got a future. We got somebody to talk to that gives a damn about us (Steinbeck 15). Because of Lennie and Georges relationship they are able to focus on their dream of having their own farm someday, instead of falling into a routine of moving from ranch to ranch and wastefully spending their pay at the end of the month. In addition, although Lennie is a burden, George accepts their relationship to fight his own loneliness. As he explains to Slim, I seen the guys that go around on the ranches alone. That aint no good. They dont have no fun. After a long time they get mean. They get wantin to fight all the time (45). George appreciates Lennies companionship because he knows that being alone can lead to a more negative outlook on life. Candy is another character who deals with loneliness. He is the oldest man on the ranch and is crippled. The only work he can do is cleaning out the bunkhouse and other odd jobs. His only companion is his old dog who stays by his side. One night however, a fellow ranch hand named Carlson convinces Candy to let himself put the dog out of its misery. If you want me to, Ill put the old devil out of his misery right now and get it over with, said Carlson in persuasion to Candy (52). Candy agreed and so his only companion was shot, leaving him sad and lonely. A few minutes later though, Candy hears Lennie and George talking about the land which they wish to purchase. Candy, overcame with loneliness and seeing no hope for the future, buys himself into a friendship by offering George money to pay for the land. S pose I went in with you guys, Candy stated, Thas three hundred an fifty bucks Id put in (65). Steinbeck seems to be implying that Candy attempted to avoid his inevitable loneliness with the death of his dog, by buying in on a farm with his new found friends. Crooks, a negro stable buck, also had to handle loneliness. Being black, he was forbidden to stay with the other guys in the bunk house, and was instead forced to live all alone i the barn, with only books for company. When Lennie wandered into his room, Crooks talked to Lennie about his loneliness. He described how upsetting it was to not be able to share your thoughts with another person. A guy sets alone out here at night, maybe readin books or thinkin or stuff like that. Crooks explained, Sometimes he gets thinkin, an he got nothin to tell him whats so an what aint so. Maybe he sees somethin, he dont know whether its right or not. He cant turn to some other guy an ask him if he sees it too. He cant tell (80). Crooks also tried to get Lennie to sympathize with his loneliness. Spose you didnt have nobody. Spose you couldnt go into the bunk house and play rummy

Donald Marc Allens Struggle with Cancer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Donald Marc Allens Struggle with Cancer - Essay Example Marc Allen’s experience was a revelation, one that drew his attention to the importance of frequent screening among other forms of medical checkups. Marc Allen is a thirty-five-year-old American currently living in Manhattan. He works in the office of the attorney general as one of the clerks. He, therefore, enjoys comprehensive medical cover from the government among other associated benefits. Besides such, Marc Allen has additional health insurance. He sought the product soon after the formulation and successful implementation of the Obama care health act. The act made insurance services both affordable and available. He is a family man, married to Marie Marc Allen and the two have three children schooling within the New York State. He, therefore, lives as many other middle-class Americans facing similar challenges but prioritizing the health of their families a feature that validates the numerous health insurance policies he has both for himself and the other members of his family. He explains his experience with prostate cancer as one of the most infuriating. Given his young age, he did not think that he would suffer from such a disease. Prior to the diagnosis, Marc Allen lived a busy life concentrating on both his legal work and his family. Never did it occur to him that he would suffer from such a disease. He, therefore, did not go for any form of screening until he was admitted with abdominal pains. It was then that the doctors advised that he undergo a thorough screening of other types of tests. The screening proved that he had prostate cancer and was therefore to undergo a series of radiographic in one of the most sensitive parts of his body. He explains that the diagnosis was a scare since he had not anticipated such a disease. He lived in denial for a while but with the support from his family and the advice from his doctors, he opted for the radiology treatment since the doctors explained that he had high chances of surviving.  Ã‚  

Decision making Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Decision making - Essay Example But my co-worker has other ideas and he has strongly protested against hiring the Hispanic woman interviewed by us. I would like to persuade my co-worker to recruit that woman and for that purpose I need to find out the possible reasons and solutions for my co-worker’s protest. The first reason for my co worker’s protest may be because of his belief that only young blood will be capable of bringing new ideas to the organization. He might have thought that experienced people will never take any risk in their profession and they were not keen in testing new ideas. But is should be remembered that practice makes a person perfect and the experience of Hispanic woman could not be avoided purely on the basis of the above belief. Fresh candidates can bring new idea, but at the same time they may not have the backup of experience which will definitely a disadvantage. The second reason for my co-worker’s protest, which I assume is about the Hispanic origin of the woman we interviewed. My friend might have thought that an American will be a better option in the marketing manager post because of the authority and contexting power compared to a Hispanic person. The above argument also seems to be meaningless since the woman we interviewed has already proved her abilities and her 20 year service is definitely an indication of her abilities and success in this profession. My co-worker’s arguments against the woman we interviewed may raise serious legal and ethical problems for our company. The American law provides equality in employment opportunities to all irrespective of their gender or origin. In other words, it is not possible to deny the employment to the woman by citing her gender and origin. We must remember that, at present a person of black origin is the president of America and if a black person can become the

Managing and Leading Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Managing and Leading Change - Essay Example Organizations are part of the society and are thus affected by the changes in the societal trends (Drucker 2005). As has been observed, employees in these organizations resist changes and are not willing to accept new staff. The need for the employees to accept change especially where leaders exit or there is need to implement new technologies in production (Fullan 2007). Kim should lead its employees in embracing change by involving them and communicating in a timely way the expected results from the change process. There is also need for the employees and stakeholders of Spice Tall to develop a culture of adhering to procedures and using communication channels to express their dissatisfaction. The adherence to procedures will make the employees avoid incidences that cause accidents and breakages. If well developed, the accidents and losses experienced in the warehouse will be reduced and curtailed. The use of the formal communication channel will make the employees avoid rumors and speculations (Cummings & Worley 2008). ... At the same time, management and employees need to accommodate the diverse decisions by compromising. Rigidity retards growth, innovation and hampers adversely on the performance of an organization (Northouse 2009). Barriers in attaining its success will face a business that fails to convince its employees on the core objectives and actions. To achieve the expectations and the target, Spice Tall needs to embrace task culture. An organization that employs task culture will create different work teams that are assigned the duty of achieving a particular result. Employees work as a team and are empowered to make decisions that will enable them realize the core objective (Northouse 2009). If well introduced in the case of Spice Tall, the employees’ motivation and morale will increase making the business grow and increase their returns. Moreover, it will enable Kim concentrate on the results rather than the personality or the processes hence getting relieved of the many duties beca use the culture of delegation will arise. Organization culture is therefore critical in the attainment of the organization success. The management should comprehend the basic assumptions, shared values, and norms in order to avoid conflicts in the making of major decisions. At the same time, new staff must be ready to learn the organizations culture within a short time period for the organization to accomplish its objectives in a short time span (Fullan 2007). The culture of the organization must accommodate the diverse nature and practices of the individuals who are part of the system. Kim must therefore make the employees embrace the practices that are necessary for the organization to be on track in the realization of its aims. Leadership Approach Successful change processes require good

The Robot Tree A New Ecofriendly Technology Environmental Sciences Essay

The Robot Tree A New Ecofriendly Technology Environmental Sciences Essay The paper deals with the concept of a synthetic tree called ROBOT TREE. The Robot tree has the potential to absorb carbon dioxide which is the major cause for the global warming. Although methane, nitrous oxide, ozone, fluorinated compounds also account for the global warming, carbon dioxide is the major gas which causes ninety percent of the global warming. The definition of global warming, causes and effects of global warming, the solution we propose, how the robot tree (synthetic tree) gives a solution to the effect and the feasibility of the synthetic tree are deeply discussed in this paper. This paper can act as a guidebook to know about the technology with its seeds and weeds and to get the importance of the technology in the approaching future. INTRODUCTION: We all know that forests are the treasures of our earth. But now, mankind himself has started to destroy forests -the treasures of our earth. By cutting trees, not only that the rainfall will be reduced, also the temperature will raise enormously, which results in global warming. This causes harm to the whole mankind. Thus the scientists are giving call to protect forest and save mankind. Research is going on regarding the issue. In our paper we propose an astonishing solution to save our earth from global warming.The greenhouse effect is being accelerated by releases of certain gases to the atmosphere that are causing the Earths temperature to rise. WHAT IS GLOBAL WARMING Global Warming is defined as the increase of the average temperature on Earth. As the Earth is getting hotter, disasters like hurricanes, droughts and floods are getting more frequent. Over the last 100 years, the average temperature of the air near the Earth ´s surface has risen a little less than 1 ° Celsius (0.74  ± 0.18 °C, or 1.3  ± 0.32 ° Fahrenheit). Does not seem all that much? It is responsible for the conspicuous increase in storms, floods and raging forest fires we have seen in the last ten years, though, say scientists.    Their data show that an increase of one degree Celsius makes the Earth warmer now than it has been for at least a thousand years. Out of the 20 warmest years on record, 19 have occurred since 1980. The three hottest years ever observed have all occurred in the last eight years, even. 180px-2000_Year_Temperature_Comparison MAIN CAUSES FOR GLOBAL WARMING: Carbon dioxide, water vapour, nitrous oxide, methane and ozone are some of the natural gases causing global warming. CARBON DIOXIDE Ninety-three percent of all emissions Generating power by burning carbon based fossil fuels like natural gas, oil, and coal, decomposition, accounting for about one quarter of all global emissions. METHANE Twenty times more effective in trapping heat in our atmosphere 25 times as potent as carbon dioxide Agricultural activities, landfills. NITROUS OXIDE Agricultural soil management, animal manure management, sewage treatment, mobile and stationary combustion of fossil fuel, adipic acid production, and nitric acid production. OZONE Automobile exhaust and industrial processes. HYDROFLURO COMPOUNDS (HFCs). Industrial processes such as foam production, refrigeration, dry cleaning, chemical manufacturing, and semiconductor manufacturing. PERFLURONIATEDCOMPOUNDS (PFCs). Smelting of aluminium HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS: Greenhouse gas emissions could cause a 1.8 to 6.3 ° Fahrenheit rise in temperature during the next century, if atmospheric levels are not reduced. Produce extreme weather events, such as droughts and floods. Threaten coastal resources and wetlands by raising sea level. Increase the risk of certain diseases by producing new breeding sites for pests and pathogens. Agricultural regions and woodlands are also susceptible to changes in climate that could result in increased insect populations and plant disease. The degradation of natural ecosystems could lead to reduced biological diversity. WHAT GLOBAL WARMING EFFECTS ARE EXPECTED FOR THE FUTURE? To predict the future global warming effects, several greenhouse gas emission scenarios were developed and fed into computer models. They project for the next century that, without specific policy changes Global mean temperature should increase by between 1.4 and 5.8 °C (2.5 to 10 °F). The Northern Hemisphere cover should decrease further, but the Antarctic ice sheet should increase. The sea level should rise by between 9 and 88 cm (3.5 to 35). Other changes should occur, including an increase in some extreme weather events. After 2100, human induced global warming effects are projected to persist for many centuries. The sea level should continue rising for thousands of years after the climate has been stabilized. We have weather up to 40 degree Celsius now. IMPACTS OF RISE IN MAJOR GREEN HOUSE GAS CO2: In air the carbon dioxide concentration should be approximately 330 ppm (parts per million).But due to environmental researchers the carbon dioxide content will increase as follows, 2025Æ’Â  405 to 469 ppm 2050Æ’Â  445 to 640 ppm 2100Æ’Â  540 to 970 ppm We have weather up to 40 degree Celsius now. It is expected that the weather will increase in Tamil Nadu as follows. In 2025 Æ’Â  0.4 to 1.1 degree Celsius In 2050 Æ’Â  0.8 to 2.6 degree Celsius In 2100 Æ’Â  1.4 to 5.8 degree Celsius SOLUTION WE PROPOSE: We all know that forests are the treasures of our earth. But, man started to destroy forests and the scientists are giving call to save forest. We all know that forests help to protect the earth from global warming. By cutting trees, not only that the rainfall will be reduced, also the temperature will raise enormously, which causes harm to the whole mankind. The research is going on all the time to save the mankind from global warming. Now, it has been found that robot trees will help to tackle the problem of global warming. In the air, the carbon dioxide content should be 330 ppm (part per million). Day by day it is increasing which results in global warming. WHAT IS ROBOT TREE The scientists are trying to make robot to perform various activities to reduce the physical and mental work of human being. The combination of nature and robots is called Robotany. The scientists Jill Coffin, John Taylor and Daniel Bauen are researching on robot tree. The robot tree does not look like our ordinary tree. The structures of the stem, roots and leaves are present in the robot tree. Does robot tree help to solve the problem of global warming? I have read in a magazine recently that the experiment done by the researchers at Madurai Kamaraj University on robot tree is successful. Hats off to them. It is really happy news. We have studied in history that the kings of olden days had planted trees on both sides of the road. In the same way we hope that all the roads will have robot trees on both sides in future to prevent global warming and save the earth. It is said that one robot tree is equal to 1000 natural trees. Each robot tree looks more like a giant fly swatter so as to remain as guards of mankind Klaus Lackner, a professor of Geophysics at Columbia University, is working on an interesting concept:   synthetic trees.   The idea is to reproduce the process of photosynthesis to capture and store massive amounts of CO2 gas. Nearly 90,000 tons of carbon dioxide a year, roughly the amount emitted annually by 15,000 cars, could be captured by the structure. Paired with a windmill, the carbon-capture tree would generate about 3 megawatts of power, Lackner calculates, making the operation self-sufficient in energy. synthetic_tree The scientists are trying to make robot to perform various activities to reduce the physical and mental work of human being. The combination of nature and robots is called Robotany. The scientists Jill Coffin, John Taylor and Daniel Bauen are currently researching on robot tree. HOW DOES A ROBOT TREE FUNCTION Just imagine a normal tree. A normal will have a root, stem and leaves. In the same way, the robot tree also has root, stem, branch and leaf like normal tree. Some plastic poles are fixed in the stem part and in between solar plates are fixed which act as leaves. In the big poles small holes are made and small poles are fixed. This will absorb carbon dioxide in the air. In the inside of big poles there will be calcium hydroxide liquid and the absorbed carbon dioxide will be dissolved in it. The solar plates produce current and pass current inside the stem, which will separate carbon and oxygen. Oxygen, hydrogen and vapour will come out. The carbon will act with water and become carbonic acid. The carbonic acid will pass down through robots and will be absorbed by the soil Once again. A sketch of the form and construction of A Tree for Anable Basin A new air extractor technology presented by Klaus Lackner, a professor of Geophysics at Columbias Earth Institute, offers something no other carbon capture technology on the drawing board has. Unlike conventional carbon capture and storage (also known as geosequestration), which absorbs C02 on-site (i.e. the affluent stream of emissions from power plants), air extractors absorb carbon dioxide from any location on the planet. This means that CO2 emissions can be captured from nearly all large-emitting sources-from stationary factories and power plants to cars and planes in motion. These synthetic trees can thrive in any location. synthetic trees A computer-generated image of Lackners synthetic trees. Synthetic trees dont exactly look like your average tree with green leaves and roots. Although the design is not finalized, Lackner predicts that the device would look more like a post with venetian blinds strung across it; a box-shaped extractor raised about 1,000 feet tall, adorned with scaffolding lined with liquid sodium hydroxide (commonly known as lye). When exposed, sodium hydroxide (lye) is an absorbent of CO2. So, as air flows through the venetian blind leaves of the tree, the sodium hydroxide will bind the CO2, sifting out cleaner, about 70-90% less CO2 concentrated air on the other side. Lackner estimates that an area of sodium hydroxide about the size of a large TV screen (a 20 inch diagonal) and a meter in depth could absorb 20 tons of CO2 a year. Paired with a windmill, a carbon-capture tree could generate about 3 megawatts of power. IS IT FEASIBLE The chemical process of using calcium or sodium hydroxide to absorb CO2 has been known for years but the question of whether it can be done in an affordable energy efficient manner has not yet been fully answered. Constructing and erecting the collector device is only 20% of the cost; the remainder of the cost involves prying the CO2 loose from the absorbent and storing it- an energy intensive process. The back of the envelope calculation of total cost supposes 3000 to 5000 rupees per ton captured, which is large as compared to the 1000-2000 rupees per ton on cost that proponents of a carbon tax or cap-and-trade scheme believe will stabilize atmospheric emissions of CO2. It may seem like too steep a cost to closely consider, but Lackner believes its worth looking at things that start out even five times too expensive . DEVELOPING CARBON CAPTURE AND STORAGE (CCS): carbon-capture-and-storage1 Despite common concern that CCS, and thus air capture too, will discourage our society from moving to clean energy alternatives. Fossil fuels are not running out anytime soon, and if we were to turn all of them into carbon dioxide, well have a climate catastrophe. We may run out of oil and gas; you can be skeptical of that. But we wont run out of coal. We either abandon fossil fuels immediately within the next 50 years or figure out a way to do CCS. As we head toward 450, 550, even 750ppm this century, environmental leaders are getting serious about carbon capture and storage. A 2005 IPCC report concluded that carbon capture and storage has the potential to reduce overall mitigation costs and increase flexibility in reducing greenhouse gases. Existing carbon capture technology can reduce CO2 emissions from coal-fired or natural-gas power plants by 80 to 90 percent, estimates the IPCC .energy efficiency and some renewables are cheaper now, but if the climate begins to tip out of control, then carbon capture and storage can provide a planet-saving insurance policy. BASIC CHEMICAL REACTIONS WITH ROBOT TREE: The reaction of sodium hydroxide with carbon dioxide (as carbonic acid) occurs essentially in two steps, first a reaction from carbonic acid to bicarbonate and then to carbonate. This is a simple acid-base reaction. CO2 is an acid anhydrite and NaOH is a base. So reaction gives the salt Na2CO3 and water another possible product is the salt Na2CO3 that is produced if a 1:2 ratio of CO2 and NaOH is used. A small percentage of moisture present in the absorbent material, (about 3%) is important. CO2 reacts with this moisture to form carbonic acid, CO2+H 2O->H2CO3 Which in turn reacts with the hydroxide to form the salt of carbonic acid, or sodium carbonate? The absorption of carbon dioxide is expressed as follows: The products of reaction are sodium carbonate and water. H2CO3 + NaOH -> NaHCO3 + H2O NaHCO3 + NaOH -> Na2CO3 + H2O DECARBITE: DECARBITE ® is an absorbing product. This product is sodium hydroxide carried on a silica base. The natural affinity of sodium hydroxide to acid gasses makes it a desirable material to use in the absorption of the acid gas carbon dioxide. The sodium hydroxide content in DECARBITE ® is high, approximately 90%, and accounts for the aggressive product performance and exceptional capacity for absorption of carbon dioxide. The sodium hydroxide content in DECARBITE ® is high, approximately 90%, and accounts for the aggressive product performance and exceptional capacity for absorption of carbon dioxide. The universally accepted Carbon Dioxide absorbent, DECARBITE ® is a consumable chemical absorbent. It is a specially formulated mixture of Sodium Hydroxide on to an inert silica carrier providing a surface area especially suited for the rapid, high performance and total absorption of CO2 on contact. EFFICIENCY: For the rapid or high performance quantative absorption of CO2 in the ppm range DECARBITE is color indicating, changing from greenish brown to white upon carbon dioxide saturation. The absorption of carbon dioxide removal or any acid gas using DECARBITE is a chemical reaction, not a physical one. Carbon dioxide reacts with the sodium hydroxide based absorbent and undergoes a complete chemical change. This change is irreversible; therefore the absorbent cannot be regenerated for reuse. This change is clearly perceptible and indicates when spent material is to be discarded. Occasionally, a condition known as channeling can occur when the gas flow finds holes or areas of least resistance and a channel is formed. The gas flow follows these channels through the absorbent defeating the purpose of scrubbing out the carbon dioxide. DECARBITE eliminates this problem in several ways; the silica binding to the sodium hydroxide keeps the particles from bonding in the presence of moisture which is formed as a byproduct of the absorption reaction. It also aids in preventing the absorbent to coalesce into a solid mass blocking gas flow and causing back pressure across the absorption bed. The association reaction of NaOH with CO2 is at least 40 times faster than NaOH + HCl at all altitudes below the Na layer. Na species will not affect stratospheric ClOx and O3 chemistry. The conversion of carbon dioxide to bicarbonate is complete at pH 8.3.Phenolphthalein can be used as a color indicator for the titration. CONCLUSION: Energy is really a place where more technology is absolutely necessary. Nearly one and half a lakh robot trees are enough for purifying carbon dioxide in the air for one year, approximately. One robot tree is said to have the capacity to absorb 90,000 tons of carbon dioxide every year. It is the amount of carbon dioxide released by 15,000 cars in one year. But robot trees will not help to bring rain. It will protect the earth from global warming. Cost 🙠 app) 10 feet robot tree-50,00 200 feet robot tree-5 lakhs. The cost of the robot tree may be high, but the cost of not having prominent technology for global warming may cost even higher. There arent that many large scale sources of energy could be tapped at the scale the world needs them. Hydro will never be enough, and neither will wind. Solar, nuclear, and fossil could be enough, but they all have flaws. If we dont place big bets on all three, we could find ourselves with none of them working, and well have energy crisis of unprecedented proportions. We have studied in history that the kings of olden days had planted trees on both sides of the road. In the same way we hope that all the roads will have robot trees on both sides to prevent global warming and save the earth. It is said that one robot tree is equal to 1000 natural trees. Implement robot trees Prevent global warming, And thus, Save the Earth!!!

Lextura Dantis :: The Divine Comedy

Dante varies his presentation greatly throughout Malebolge. Each bolgia has its own particular atmosphere, and the abrupt tonal and structural shifts between them make the move from bolgia to bolgia a medley of styles and techniques. But no shift is so striking as that between the eighth and ninth, in which the reader leaves a bolgia marked by two eloquent, searching dramatic monologues for one characterized by pithy, epigrammatic comments. The heroic exhortation of Ulysses and the sinuous self-revelation of Guido da Montefeltro give way to the truncated, compressed rhetoric of Mohammed, Pier da Medicina, Mosca, and Bertran de Born. The earlier bolgia begs for psychological readings; the latter frustrates them. The structures of these cantos present a similar incongruity. Ulysses and Guido are given ample opportunity for leisurely expansion, and their stories have a smooth development and denouement. Each is the absolute star of his canto, and Dante records both their coming and going with reverent attention. Inferno XXVIII, however, presents a rapid succession of scenes, and the cuts between them are as savage and inexorable as those delivered by the devil to the damned. The canto seems unified only by Dante's desire to present the contrapasso in as many ways as he can. Those who sowed discord in life are hewn in imaginative ways __ Mohammed split from chin to anus, Ali sliced from chin to hairline, Pier da Medicina clipped and nicked in different places, Curio's tongue hacked out, Mosca's arms lopped off, and Bertran de Born neatly decapitated __ a near Baroque variation on a single theme. One horror follows on the heels of another, and each permutation replaces the memory of the ea rlier one. Despite this profusion in the particulars of the punishments, the structure of the twenty-eighth canto is relentlessly schematic. The canto can be easily divided into six compact episodes, four of which are fundamentally identical __ even somewhat repetitive. The canto begins with a familiar epic gesture: the ineffability topos. Dante despairs of ever doing justice to what he must describe (vv. 1-6): Chi poria mai pur con parole sciolte dicer del sangue e de le piaghe a pieno ch'i' ora vidi, per narrar pià ¹ volte? Ogne lingua per certo verria meno per lo nostro sermone e per la mente

Engineering ewb research Essay

1. Introduction The Engineers Without Borders Australia (EWB) Challenge is a program where first year University Students throughout Australia are required to select from a range of problems associated with the living conditions of a disadvantaged community within Nepal, more specifically the village of Sandikhola, a hilltop community in the Gorkha district. The students are then required to develop creative solutions to combat these problems to benefit the community through design, teamwork and proper communication. This particular research report group 9C will be focusing on Water Supply and Sanitation Systems (WASH), in particular Multiple Use Systems (MUS). MUS refers to a system where the water is used for a range of purposes, so as to minimize the amount of fresh water needed to be drawn from the source and increase the applicability of the source. This report will be outlining research conducted into the MUS including; the geography of the Gorkha district, a case study on a WASH initiative al ready in place in Nepal, also included in the report will be an evaluation of sources of research, and a conclusion of the report. 2. Research 2.1 Geography of the Gorkha District The Gorkha District in Nepal is located on the mid-southern area of the Terai region roughly the center of Nepal. More specifically the village of Sandikhola is located approximately 42 kilometers North East of Bharatpur, which roughly is over an hour drive each way via a dirt road which is only accessible by 4Ãâ€"4’s and is not accessible in wet conditions. The village of Sandikhola is located on the side of a hill with an elevation of 1256 meters, and is roughly divided into three different sections consisting of crops, housing and livestock. 2.1.1 Natural Resources Land is seen as the most valuable natural resource to most citizens of the Gorkha district. With over 80% of the population, 24 506 759 people, earning a livelihood from farming, which in turn produces 36.1% of GDP on a national scale. Due to water shortages and unreliability in relation to irrigation, this is not a secure resource for the people of the Gorkha district. The only problem with utilizing land to this major of a scale is that it is being overly depleted due to the accelerating growth of population, leading  to widespread destruction of ecological systems. The other resource is water, which are polluted due to lack of sanitization and the lack of the resource, other than location, is due to de-forestation and the devastating effects it has on the environment. 2.1.2 Technological Resources The Gorkha district has very limited technological resources, especially when 90% of the population live in rural areas and average earnings per family per week are below a dollar which make the affordability of technological resources impossible for poor families. Surprisingly the telephone signal throughout the district is surprisingly good although this is a under used resource due to lack of infrastructure and finances. With under 7% of the population having access to the internet communication on a global and even national scale can be highly difficult. Due to the developing nature of Nepal access to any modern technology is unviable, with it sometimes taking up to and over 6 months for any technology to reach many rural communities e.g. water testing kits. 2.1.3 Population and Income Through researching Population and Income it was found that there are over 30 million people in Nepal, with approximately 300 000 people in Gorkha. The Terai region accommodates for 50.27% of the total population, roughly 15 million people, which is the mountainous/ hilly region of Nepal which can make life very difficult for these people in particular. The average household income is less than one dollar a day with more than 40% living under the poverty line. In the Gorkha district 90% of citizens live in rural areas which goes to show the lack of urban connection further reinforcing the fact that development of technology in relation to water use will greatly affect the population in all aspects of life. 2.1.4 Natural Disasters Natural Disasters have a major effect on developing countries, especially where climate change is concerned. This is due to the high dependence on climate sensitive sectors in the Gorkha district including glaciers, agriculture and forestry, and its low financial adaptive capacity. These disasters are becoming increasingly common with the acceleration of global warming. This is due to the increased temperatures experienced compared to 1990 to 2010 where an increase of 1.9 Degrees Celsius to the average  temperature, these particular natural disasters include an increase in dry periods, floods, intense rainfall, landslides, forest fires, glacial retreats, and glacier lake outburst flood threats. The other main natural disasters common to this area are earthquakes due to the positioning of Gorkha on the meeting point of the Eurasian and Indian tectonic plates. These disasters need to be taken into account so the MUS can withstand destruction via natural disaster. 2.1.5 Climatic Conditions Shown in these two graphs (below) is the average rainfall and temperature of the Gorkha District. By studying these two graphs it can be seen that the year is divided into a wet and dry season with the temperature throughout the year remaining relatively constant with a minimum range of 3 degrees Celsius and a maximum range of 9 degrees Celsius. This research is essential to the analysis of water supply 2.1.6 Education Levels In the Gorkha district education is a work in progress with the basic literacy rate at 45% of males and only 28% of women. In the district alone there are close to 500 schools, 400 of which are public. With the help of many Non-Government Organizations, development of these schools has had an excellent effect on the education system, for example at the end of 2013 1000 computers were distributed to these schools readily making available vast amounts of educational resources to these communities. The problems associated with the education levels include the travel distance especially within rural areas, and also the lack of proper WASH resources which affects the health of the students. 2.1.7 Infrastructure In relation to the Infrastructure available to the people of Gorkha it can be noted as ineffective. This is found as roads to many of the rural areas within which the majority lives, are virtually inaccessible without a 4Ãâ€"4, as less than a quarter of roads in Nepal actually being paved/concreted. This is increasingly made challenging due to less than 1% of the population actually having access to a car. The main form of transport readily  available are the public buses, but on the other hand they are not extremely reliable with the multitude of strikes which occur, making life for the people more difficult when they have to walk for hours to get where they were going. Another major flaw is the inability for citizens to access a range of services with less than 15% of people having access to formal health care services, children having to walk on average 1-3 hours to attend school, there is also a lack of an electricity supply to majority of rural areas, lack of public sewage tr eatment in the majority of the district and in general isolation of rural areas. 2.2 Existing Solutions In the community of Sandikhola, there is a wide range of problems associated with water supply. These include the accessibility to water sources, the cleanliness/quality of water supply, the amount of water supplied, and the ability for the resource to be effectively used across domestic uses and productive uses. Currently in Sandikhola approximately 80% of WASH techniques are currently in place with there being a few sources of water; one small waterway, eight tap stands and two spring intakes but during the dry season these intakes become unavailable due to low pressure. When this occurs the community must draw water from a larger spring located further away from the village down the hill. In the case of Sandikhola at each spring intake is a reservoir tank, there are three water quality testers spread across the village, one rain monitor and two flow monitors. Also introduced to this community is the use of recycling water, such as; capturing overflows at spring intakes, Rainwater Harvesting (RWH), Ground Water Capture (GWC), fog water, and grey water systems. Through the integration of a range of these sources, systems and techniques we develop a MUS system. 2.2.1 Construction Basically the MUS is constructed via the connection of a range of single use technologies e.g. spring intake, storage tanks, tap stands. This is to reduce the amount of water requires for use by reducing waste water (sustainability), and also to make it more accessible for the villagers. For the construction many of the village members are heavily involved in construction so as to ensure the education of the MUS to the community allowing it to be properly maintained even after the EWB/NEWAH team leaves. 2.2.2 Inputs and Outputs For the implementation of the MUS there are a number of inputs required, these include; help from a third party in this case EWB and NEWAH in relation to funding, research and designing, participation from members of the Sandikhola community, materials, current technologies, and tools. For every input there is an output, in this case once construction is completed some of the outputs of the technology become evident, these including; an increase of income and benefits in relation to this including; general health, nutrition, social empowerment, food security, time savings. Diversification of Livelihood, which is the process by which the community develops a range of activities and social support capabilities in order to survive and improve their standards of living i.e. education, inter/intra-societal interaction. Increase in sustainability including, efficient water transfer from the water source for domestic and productive applications. 3. Evaluation of Sources of Information In research for this assignment, I tend to steer clear of any non-reliable or inaccurate resources. To do this books become an extremely valuable and trusted resource, and when using websites as resources I have stuck to .org websites while at the same time checking the about us section as not all .org sites are official sites. Some ways I checked the accuracy and validity of my sources of information include; analysis of the depth of coverage, determining the intended audience so it is relevant for this report, analysis of language used i.e. sophisticated to low level understanding. The dates of the information are essential for proper research, too old might be inaccurate compared to newer information. Does the source have a bibliography and the type of sources of information the author uses and an analysis of the layout and structure of the document. Through all of this analyzing we are able to determine the accurate and reliable sources of information. 4. Conclusion In conclusion, through the research of the Gorkha district and my project area the MUS, it is possible to realize the positive potential that the implementation of the MUS has on all aspects of life. This is due to water  playing a massive part in the lives of every human, and when there is a lack of sufficient resource, daily functionality is affected. 5. References ï‚ §Renwick, et.al, 2007, â€Å"Multiple Use Water Services For The Poor: Assessing the state of Knowledge,† Winrock International: Arlington, VA ï‚ §Mikhail, et.al, 2008, â€Å"Multiple-Use Water Service Implementation in Nepal and India: Experience and Lessons Scale-Up,† International Development Enterprises: Lakewood, CO ï‚ §Engineers without Borders USA 2014, EWB-USA, Denver viewed 10 March 2014, http://my.ewb-usa.org/project-resources/technical-resources. ï‚ §iDE Organization 2014, iDEORG, Colorado viewed 10 March 2014, http://www.ideorg.org/OurTechnologies/MultipleUseWaterSystems.aspx#. ï‚ §Practical Action 2014, Practical Action, Rugby viewed 12 March 2014, http://practicalaction.org/mus-2. ï‚ §Engineers Without Borders Australia 2014, Engineers Without Borders, North Melbourne viewed 12 March 2014, http://www.ewbchallenge.org/nepal-water-healthnewah/sandikhola. ï‚ §Smith, J., 2014, Personal Communication, 25th February 2014 ï‚ §United Nat ions 2014, United Nations, New York viewed 12th March 2014, http://www.un.org.np/maps/nepal-gorkha-district. ï‚ §Rural poverty portal 2012, IFAD, Vancouver viewed 12 March 2014, http://www.ruralpovertyportal.org/en/country/statistics/tags/nepal.

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buy custom State Constitution essay Like the constitution of any other state or national government, the Texas Constitution establishes the fundamental and crucial laws under which all of its citizens are governed (Texas Statutes 1). However, it is notable that the Texas Constitution significantly differs from almost all the constitutions in the U.S. This is mainly due to the fact that the Texas Constitution has been redesigned, changed, recreated, amended as well as overdone as a whole. Consequently, this has made this Constitution to be long, even more than that of the United States - a factor that has given room for many misunderstandings, leading to frequent amendments. This paper will analyze the key differences between the Texas Constitution and that of the State of Vermont. Some of the key differences to be looked at will include the structure, format, organization, content, number of amendments as well as the ease or difficulty of amending and changing the constitution. The Historical Background of the Texas Constitution It is notable that Texas has had a total of seven constitutions in its history. Every of these constitutions have certain fundamental principles shared with the U.S. Constitution. Some of these fundamental principles in its structure include separation of power into three distinct branches of the government, democratic governance, and system of federalism. Yet, every of these different constitutions have substantially reflected their time and the prevailing political culture of Texas. The first constitution that governed Texas was the Constitution of the Coahuila y Tejas from Mexico in 1827. This was followed by the Constitution of the Republic of Texas in 1836, drafted after Texas declared independence from Mexico. The third constitution, Texas State Constitution, was written in 1845 in response to admission of Texas to the union. In 1861, the state withdrew from the union and joined the Confederacy, thus drafting the forth constitution. The fifth, sixth and seventh constitutions we re written in 1886, 1869, and 1876 respectively. Generally, the current Texas Constitution is among the longest of all the state constitutions. Since its adoption, 653 amendments have been proposed, of which 72.58% were approved by the voters (Hill 89). Organization and Format There are significant differences between the Texas Constitution and that of State of Vermont. One of the significance differences is the organization. As compared to other constitutions, the Constitution of Texas starts wih the preamble that is followed by other 17 Articles. Unlike the Vermont Constitution, Texas puts the bill as Article 1. The bill of rights usually reflects the framer fear of the abuses of the government more than the constitutions of other states. This is then followed by powers and organization, found in Articles II through V. Article VI exhaustively covers elections and voting, while Articles VII and VIII (eight) cover taxation, education, and revenue. It is notable that Article VII significantly limits the amount of revenue, which can be spent in the field of education and dedicates some funds for that purpose. Articles IX through XVI exhaustively cover wide range of topics, including land use, property rights, railroads, local governance, and personal debts a mong other aspects. Finally, Article XVII, which is the last article of this Constitution, covers the modes in which the Constitution can be amended. On the other hand, Vermont Constitution is divided into two major chapters. The first chapter is the Declaration of Rights to inhabitants of this state. It was drafted in 1777 and is divided into twenty one Articles. Some of the articles include right to emigrate, martial law, and trial by jury among others. The second chapter is plan or the frame of government, outlining all the structure of governance. The chapter also details the three notable branches of the government, elections, militia, and impeachments among other provisions. Based on this, the formats of these two constitutions vary significantly. The one of Texas is only divided into Articles, 17 in total, with no distinct chapters. On the other hand, the Constitution of Vermont is divided into two parts. Part 1 is the constitutional history of Vermont, having three subtopics, namely adoption of the Constitution, council of the censors and the ten year time lock. The second part is the Vermont Constitution and commentary, w hich is divided into chapter one and chapter two. Chapter one is in its turn divided into twenty one Articles, while chapter two is divided into different sections. Content and Structure The two constitutions also vary in terms of the content and structure. The Texas is remarkably lengthy, more than the Constitution of the United States itself. In 2009, Texas Constitution had more than 98,000 words. The main reason for this is the fact that early Texans were enormously scared of overly controlling government. Therefore, when the Constitution of Texas was drafted, they tried to create no loophole in this Constitution, by eliminating all the gray aareas in politics. As a result of this large content of the Constitution, it has become hard for the politicians to function effectively as some of the parts contradict each other, mainly due to its structure. On the other hand, Vermont Constitution is one of the shortest constitutions in the United States, with only 8, 9295 words. Consequently, the reduced content of this Constitution has allowed politicians to function effectively. Generally, the well-managed content of Vermont Constitution has resulted into development, as the government does not require amending the Constitution in order to enact new laws (Hill 15). Changing and Amending the Constitution By far, it is easy to amend the Texas Constitution as compared to that of Vermont. This is based on the fact that Texas has relatively low bar for amending the constitution. The Constitution also takes high restrictive view of all powers held by the state government - a factor that has significantly demanded for alterations and addition. While Vermont Constitution has been changed for only 19 times since creation in 1793, that of Texas has been amended for more than 456 times, not counting the 176 times of amendments that were enormously defeated by the voters. The State of Vermont Has the Better Constitution In my own opinion, the State of Vermont has a better and more practical Constitution as compared to that of Texas. As indicated above, the large content of the Texas Constitution has hindered growth of this state. This is due to the fact that the government has to keep on amending the Constitution in order to enact laws and policies, especially those dealing with the emerging challenges of the 21st century. The Constitution of Texas has had very many amendments, - a factor that has enormously disorganized this Constitution. Consequently, it has become hard for the three branches of the government to perform effectively, thus hindering growth. Furthermore, the Constitution has a lot of fear of unknown, such as that of political corruption, as well as a lot interests in the existing constitution. This is unlike the Constitution of Vermont, which allows the government to develop new policies without necessarily making changes to the existing constitution. From the above information, it is clear that Vermont Constitution is far more superior as compared to that of Texas. One can see that the Texas Constitution is either poorly drafted or is too specific, thus demanding frequent amendments Buy custom State Constitution essay

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Pit Bull Pit Bulls Attack Nun I feel that not only the dogs were at fault but also the, police and the dog owner. First of all what kind of stupid animals would attack a nun, servent of god these animals will most likely be going to dog hell. I do not want to point a finger at the dogs as much as I do at the owner though. The owner must have trained the pit bulls to attack humans because no dogs attack humans without having been trained to do so. Also why were the dogs loose should they not have been in a kennel? The owner of these demons should be held accountable for their and his own actions.Secondly people reported that these vicious killing machines roamed the street for days surely these people reported it to the police if so why did the police not remove the dogs before they injured some one.Australian Dog HeadBefore the nun was attacked an injury was reported also caused by these beasts it is obvious that the police would have known about this but did they remove the dogs. So the inju ries caused by these dogs were partly the fault of police incompetence.As you can se there are a few groups at fault here; the dogs who most definitely will be killed, the owner of the animals who will most likely suffer legal consequences in the form of a law suit and may even have to spend time in jail. The police will get away without any penalties. All of the people and animals involved in this situation are lucky in the sense that neither the nun nor the other person who was attacked by the dogs died. Finally I want to say that I hope that this never happens in...

Summary and response Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 6

Summary and response - Assignment Example This is because culture shock often extends far long enough to cause many students to disrupt their studies. This is why a way should be found to assimilate these students into campus life to enrich their foreign life experiences. I agree with this idea presented by Tas in his research study that foreign students are important assets to the US in terms of the contributions they make to enrich campus culture, local economy, and academic competitiveness. Research also confirms the validity of this idea claiming that contributions made by foreign students are so massive that they â€Å"are worth the recruitment and visa challenges† (Godwin, n.d.). The idea is also supported by research that culture shock for foreign students can become so big that a state of cognitive dissonance or catch-22 can be created for them easily. In such a state, it can become very difficult for them to continue their studies. This is why efforts should be made by administrators and instructors to help foreign students overcome these â€Å"stark differences they encounter in the classroom and academic system† (Godwin,

Writing Assignment 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Writing Assignment 2 - Essay Example The article also aimed to establish a pattern of communication between different types of groups. The study conducted by Kurz focused more on the â€Å"discussions between in-group dyads about an out-group, or a member of an out-group† (Kurz, 2009. p. 894). Technically, what Kurz wanted to achieve in his study is to understand the dynamics of communications within a given group and how this dynamics affect the individuals within and outside of the group. According to Kurz, â€Å"the prevalence of stereotypical descriptions in discussions of out-groups within in-group dyads may stem from a desire to affirm shared beliefs about the out-group†(Kurz, 2009. p. 893). In the article, Kurz described stereotyping as a means for the individual to gain favor within the group. By surveying the various communication stereotypes, the author hoped to identify useful means of communication that individuals and groups can use to gain favors from each other. In conducting the research, Kurz relied on the dyad and group discussion paradigms to get the data and other information that he needed. He also tried to investigate the ways on how narratives of group members are reproduced among the other members of the group and used effectively. In drawing his hypothesis, Kurz relied on a study of related literature that points out that those narratives about group members when communicated to other members tend to be â€Å"stripped of stereotype inconsistent information (SI), with stereotype consistent (SC) information being retained† (Kurz, 2009, p. 895). Accordingly, the stereotype consistency bias can be attributed to the communication process by which the information passes from one person to another rather than a result of general memory biases (Wigboldus, et al, 2005). In other words, as the message from an outside source is repeated within the group and is passed from one group member to another, the message now takes